Adaptogenic Agents - Proper Channel for Health

Shaha A. P*, Dr. Meera Deshmukh., Dr. Pranati Tilak

Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth’s Lokmanya Tilak Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pune.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: archana.shaha@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Stress causes aging of majority of people in India which has impact on overall personal development, economic status, social and clinical aspect of an individual. Stress and aging causes less life period that should be considered as a threat with respect to family. It causes unsatisfaction during life period of individual. It is a necessity and challenging to treat this disorder using herbal adaptogenic agents. This article presents causes of stress, the medicinal herbs as adaptogens, the marketed formulation of adaptogens and successive findings through it.

KEYWORDS: Large population, Functional food, Stress, Aging, Adaptogenic agents, marketed herbal formulation.

INTRODUCTION:

A large population in India is affected by economic, social and clinical aspects. Most of the people from both the urban and rural area are now-a-days encouraged to increase their standard of living by all means that are available. Such situations results in population that is devoid of proper functional food, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and proper medication that is required for healthy living. Indian workers are getting more stressed was revealed by the latest research by workspace provider Regus. The survey revealed that work (51%) and personal finances (50%) are the contributing factors for the increased stress levels of Indian workers. The Regus survey, canvassing the opinions of over 16,000 professionals across the globe, found that over half (51%) of Indian respondents say their stress levels have risen.

A number of factors such as work, money and commute to work as well as continuing instability in the world economy are thought to have fuelled this growing pressure and respondents confirm that most stress triggers are of a professional rather than personal nature, with their job, personal finances and customers topping the list of causes¹. Apart from work, the other factors that act as contributing factors for causing stress are pollution, population explosion and increase in prices of basic commodities. Fast food habits and indiscriminate use of drugs are also the factors that cause depression, anxiety and premature aging.

Adaptogens:

Adaptogens were discovered in 1947 by the Russian scientist Dr. Nicolai Lazarev, who in fact coined the name "adaptogen". The names of called "first-generation" adaptogens: Panax Ginseng, American Ginseng, and Japanese Ginseng. The "second generation" and the most promising adaptogenic herbs today are probably Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng), Rhodiola rosea (Golden root) and Rhaponticum carthamoides (Leuzeae)². Plant adaptogens are reported to stimulate the nervous system by mechanisms that are claimed to be different from those of stimulants, being associated rather by metabolic regulation of various elements of the stress-system and modulation of stimulus-response coupling. Adaptogens are reputed to have an anti-stress effect mainly towards stresses of a non-infectious agent. The earliest studies of adaptogens investigated primarily their ability to increase the mental and physical working capacity in humans. After those studies characteristic differences between the effects of adaptogens and those of CNS stimulants became evident. The general purpose of adaptogens is the reduction of stress reactions in the alarm phase, thereby avoiding the exhaustion stage and providing a certain protection against stress. In addition to their various properties, adaptogens are thought to rebuild strength of the body after stress or fatigue. Clinical trials on adaptogens reported an effective application to persons exposed to high physical and nervous loading, i.e., for athletes. It is reported that muscular activity and nervous loading causes the reaction of stress or stress-reaction that is reduced by usage of adaptogens³.

Plants as Adaptogen:

Each and every plant in this universe has medicinal importance. Many medicinal plants that are phytogeographically distributed are adaptogenic in nature. Majority of plants preferably in India and throughout the world are a potential source of raw material for herbal industry to make adaptogenic products. Some common and typical adaptogenic plants are summarized in following table I.

Table I: List of plants as adaptogens^4-52

S. No	Common Name	Biological source	Phytoconstituents	Actions and uses
1	Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, winter cherry	*Withania* *somnifera*	Sitoindosides (VII and VIII), Withanine, withanolides	Anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, neurological disorders
2	Asian ginseng, Korean ginseng, Chinese ginseng	Panax ginseng	Ginsenosides, panaxosides	Adaptogen, Antistress, antianxiety, and help to increase energy
3	Licorice	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid	Expectorant, antigastric, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and adaptogen
4	Siberian ginseng	Eleutherococcus senticosus	Eleutherosides A-G	Antistress, Enhances immune system
5	Golden root	Rhodiola rosea	Rosavin, salidroside, rosin, and rosarin.	Enhances physical and mental endurance
6	Amla	Emblica officinalis	Vitamin C	Improves digestion, balances stomach acid, fortifies the liver, nourishes the brain and mental functioning, supports the heart, strengthens the lungs, regulates elimination, flushes out toxins
7	Wolfberries	Lycium barbarum	Beta-carotene and zeazanthin, vitamin C	Boost immune function, improve circulation, and promote longevity.
8	Schizandra	Schizandra chinensis	Schisandra lignans	Anti-stress, liver protection, immunomodulating effect
9	Maca	Lepidium meyenii	Carbohydrates, protein, dietary fiber, and fats	Anticancer, increase stamina
10	Chaga	Inonotus obliquus	Betulinic acid	Immune-stimulant
11	Codonopsis	Codonopsis pilosula	Hesperidin, n-hexyl beta-sophoroside, atractylenolide III, lobetyolin, lobetyolinin, taraxerol, taraxeryl acetate, alpha-spinasterol,9,10,13-trihydroxy-(E)-11-octadecenoic acid, beta-sitosterol, beta-daucosterol and sugar	Hypotensive, increase red and white blood cell counts, appetite stimulant, and strengthen the immune system, antistress and antidepressant, stimulates the nervous system and improves immune system
12	Cordyceps	Cordyceps sinensis	Cordycepin	Tonic, normalizes immunity responses and treats fatigue
13	Rosa	Rosa Majalis	Vitamins A, C and E, flavanoids and other bio-active compounds	Adaptogen and anti-oxidant reversing the growth of cancers
14	Reishi	Ganoderma lucidum	Ganoderic acids	Blood pressure stabilizer, antioxidant, and analgesic, a kidney and nerve tonic hepatitis, allergies, chemotherapy support, HIV support, and even for fatigue and altitude sickness.
15	Maral root	Rhaponticum carthamoides	20-hydroxyecdysone	Impotence, memory and learning, increasing working capacity of tired skeletal muscles, as well as anabolic processes
16	Astragalus	Astragalus membranaceus	Triterpenoids saponins- astragaloside	Support the immune system and improve cardiac function, antioxidants, adaptogen
17	He shou wu , Chinese Knotweed	Polygonum multiflorum	Resveratrol, Chrysophanol, Physcion, Emodin, Aloeemodin, Rhein	Tonic for the liver, kidney, and blood, calm the nervousness
18	Jiaogulan	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Gypenoside XLIX	Enhances immune system and cardiac function, anti-stress, reduces fatigue, anti-aging/anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, treats diabetes, treats depression and anxiety, prevents senility, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulating, improves respiratory efficiency, digestive aid, helps protect/support normal liver and cardiovascular systems functioning, adaptogen
19	Prince seng	Pseudostellaria heterophylla	2-minalin, 3-furfuryl pyrrole-2-carboxylate, ursolic acid, acacetin, luteolin, acacetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (6-->1)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside	Supports and boosts immunity
20	Gotu Kola	Centella asiatica	Saponins- asiaticoside and madecassoside	Anxiety, mental fatigue, irritability, also to enhance memory and concentration.
21	Guduchi	Tinospora cordifolia	Alkaloids- berberine, choline, palmatine, tinosporine	Normalizes immune function and supports liver function, accords longevity, enhances memory
22	Holy Basil	Ocimum sanctum, O. gratissimum	Volatile oil- eugenol, carvacol, vitamin C	Calms the nervous system; immuno-modulatory agent
23	Shatavari	Asparagus racemosus	Steroid saponins-shatavarin I-IV, quercetin, rutin, hyperoside	Nutritive tonic for chronic fatigue, nervine tonic, nervousness, pain, restless sleep, disturbing dreams and people with weak emotional and physical heart
24	Shilajit	Asphaltum bitumen	Albuminoids, fatty acids, fulvic acid-7-methoxy carboxy biphenyl	Lower blood sugar and total cholesterol levels, strengthening immune system, excellent rejuvenator, detoxifies the body, brain tonic
25	Hawthorn	Crataegus oxyacantha	Tyramine, acetylcholine, caffeic acid, amygdalin, pectin, ursolic acid, oleonic acid and crategolic acid	Antioxidant; helps support the heart and palpitations, anxiety, insomnia and irritability.
26	Manchurian Thorn Tree	Aralia mandshurica	Araloside	Stimulates the central nervous system, improves immune health, and increases stamina performance.
27	Suma	Pfaffia paniculata	Ecdysterone, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid, oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucurono-pyranoside, oleanoic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ester, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol-β-D-glucoside, stigmasterol, daucosterol, β-sitosterol, 20-hydroxyecdysone-20, 22-monoacetonide(Ⅹ),1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R)-2-[2′(R)-hydroxyl hexadecosanoyl-amino]-4-octadecene-1,3-diol ,and oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-methyl ester	Immunostimulant, treat exhaustion and chronic fatigue, general restorative tonic after illness
28	Acanthopanax	Acanthopanax sessiliflorum	Saponins, acanthosides, cardiac glycosides, polysaccharides	Adaptogen, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and as diuretic.
29	Mimosa tree bark	Albizia Julibrissin	Lipids- linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid	Insomnia, irritability, breathlessness and poor memory
30	Japanese Angelica Tree	Aralia elata	(6'-O-palmitoyl)-beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, silphiosideA, chikusetusaponin Ib, araloside A, araloside C, acanthoside D araloside G	Rheumatoid arthralgia, coughs, diabetes, jaundice, stomach ulcers and stomach cancers.
31	Sakhalin Spikenard	Aralia schmidtii	Araloside	Adaptogen
32	Wild hops	Bryonia alba	Alkaloid bryonicine, glycosides and tannins, including cucurbitacins	Diuretic, emetic, anticancer and purgatives
33	Chickpeas	Cicer arietinum	3-hydroxy-olean-12-ene, biochanin A-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, cerebroside, 1-ethyl-alpha-L-galactoside, uridine, adenosine, trytophan, biochanin A, fomononetin.	Lowers blood glucose levels, antioxidant
34	Neem	Azadirachta indica	Azadirachtin, meliantriol, salanin, nimbin, nimbidin, kaempferol	Tonic, leprosy, diabetes, jaundice, blood purifier
35	Bergenias	Bergenia crassfolia	Bergenin and gallic acid	Astringent, tonic
36	North-east ginseng	Echinopanax Elatum	Sesamin, oleanolic acid, syringing, syringaresinol, eleuthroside A, B, B1, C, D, E, F; beta sitosterol, daucosterol	Remedy in astenia, hypotonia and depression
37	Du Zhong	Eucommia ulmoides	(-)epicatechin, catechin, n-octacosanoic acid, tetracosanoic-2, 3-dihydroxypropylester, rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, nonacosane, n-triacontanol , β-sitosterol, betulin, betulic acid, ursolic acid, vanillic acid.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive
38	Indian Hoppea	Hoppea dichotoma	Flavan glycosides dichotosin, dichotosinin and diffutin.	Hemorrhoids, dropsy, and as a nerve tonic.
39	Baikal skullcap	Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalein, wogonin, neobaicalein, and skullcap flavone	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergen, treat secondary ailments caused by diabetes and cancer.
40	Chinese Parasol Tree	Sterculia platanifolia	lipids	Astringent
41	Haritaki, myrobalan, harde	Terminalia chebula	Chebulic acid, chebulagic, chebulinic, ellagic and gallic acid	Rejuvenative, laxative, astringent, anthelmintic, nervine, expectorant, tonic, carminative, and appetite stimulant
42	Arogya Pacha	Trichopus zeylanicus	6-acetyl-7-hydroxy,8-methoxy-2,2dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-l-benzopyran, l3-sitosterol triacontanol, apigenin-8-C-glucoside and apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside	Improves stamina, liver disease, peptic ulcer disease, weight loss, fatigue, aphrodisiac and to increase immune function.
43	Black Samson, American coneflower, Indian head	Echinacea Angustifolia	Volatile oil-pentadeca-(1, 8-Z) diene; caffeic acid derivatives- echinacoside, cynarin, chicoric acid	Anti-inflammatory action, boost immune system, antibiotic, antiseptic, antiviral and antifungal
44	Oregon Grape	Mahonia aquifolium	Alkaloids- berberin, protoberberine, berbamine, oxycanthine	Tonic, stimulates digestion, stomachic
45	White Poplar	Populus tremuloide	Populin, tremulin, tremulacin	Tonic, Stomachic, Febrifuge, Diuretic, Anthelmintic, Increases vital force within the system.
46	Drumstick tree, Moringa, Horseradish tree	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Glycosides, tannins, phytosterols and amino acids	Adaptogenic agent, mood disorders, antibacterial, anticancer
47	Garlic	Allium sativum	Allicin, allinin, ajoene	Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disorders
48	Flame lily, climbing lily, glory lily, tiger claw	GloriosasuperbaLinn.	Luterlin, beta sitosterol, colchicine	Gout, infertility, ulcer, arthritis,cancer
49	Dutchman’s pipe, calico flower Aquilariamalaccensis- agar wood, eaglewood	Aristolochia longa and Aquilariamalaccensis	Polyphenols, triterpenoids, saponins, glycosides and flavonoids	Antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-allergic
50	Candyleaf, sugar leaf	Stevia rebaudiana	Stevioside, steviol, rebaudioside	sweetner
51	-	Alphonseasclerocarpa	Alkaloids	Antifungal, antimicrobial
52	Wedelia Genus	-	Iridoid compounds, flavonoids, diterpenoid derivatives, phytosteroids	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antihistaminic, anti asthmatic and anticancer activity
53	Shameplant, Touch-me-not	Mimosa pudica	Mimosine, mucilage, tannins	Antioxidant
54	-	Strobilanthes asperrimus	Alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, amino acids, flavonoids	Antioxidant
55	Indian mulberry	Morinda tinctoria roxb	Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids phenols	Antioxidant, antidiabetic

Marketed Formulations of Adaptogens:

The global herbal supplements and remedies market is forecast to reach US$93.15 billion by the year 2015, spurred by increasing incidence of aging population and consumer awareness about general health and well being⁴³. The list of marketed products of adaptogens is given in Table II.

Table II: List of marketed products of adaptogens^53-64

S. N	Proprietary Name	Composition
1	Energising Adaptogens™ (capsules)	Each daily dose contains: 1400mg standardized extract proprietary blend (Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Schizandra chinensis, Reishi mushroom, Korean ginseng, Astragalus, Ashwagandha, Gotu kola, Liquorice, Codonopsis).
2	Be Well by Dr. Frank Lipman (capsules)	It contains Eleuthero root, American ginseng root, Ashwagandha root, Rhodolia rosea root, Licorice root, N-acetyl L-tyrosine, vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B2 and pantothenic acid.
3	Adaptogen Complex I Complementary Prescriptions	It contains Eleuthero, Manchurian Thorn Tree, Astragalus, Ashwagandha, Schisandra.
4	SR-Stamina™ Adaptogens 120 (capsules)	It contains Maca, Cordyceps, Eleutherococcus, Turmeric, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Rhodolia rosea, Green tea, Peppermint, Ginger, Kola nut, Ginkgo.
5	Quantum Adaptogen Complex (capsules) Premier Research Labs	It contains Indian Sotna Latha, Siberian Maral Root, Arctic Root, Tibetan Ginseng, Fo Ti Tieng, Nopal Cactus, European Thyme, Calcium Montmorrillinite, and Pesticide-free Oat Bran.
6	Super Adaptogen (capsules)	It contains Tibetan Rhodiola root, Chinese Ginseng root, Eucommia root, Reishi fruiting body, Eleuthero root, Astragalus root, Lycium fruit, Gynostemma leaf, Polygonum multiflorum root, Prepared Rehmannia root, Schisandra fruit, Chinese Licorice root, Polygolatum rhizome, Baizhu Atractylodes rhizome and Red Jujube fruit
7	Adaptogen Energizer (capsule)	It contains Ant, Asian Panax Ginseng, Gynostemma, Eleuthero root, Astragalus root, Reishi Mushroom, Lycium berry, Schizandra berry, Licorice Root, Tibetan Rhodiola root.
8	BioAdaptogen ULTRA (capsules)	It contains three forms of ginseng and Rhodiola rosea
9	Imperial Adaptogen (capsules) by Paradise Herbs	It contains Eleuthero root, wild Siberian, Rhodiola root, wild, Gynostemma pentaphyllum whole plant, Reishi fruiting body, Ashwagandha root, wild, Astragalus root, wild, Schisandra fruit, Lycium fruit, Cordyceps mycelia Cs-4, American Ginseng root, Suma root, Brazilian, Royal Jelly, Chinese licorice root, Ginger rhizome, fresh rainforest ginger, Tangerine peel
10	VÄXA Adapt	It contains Eleutherococcus senticosus, schizandra chinensis, Aralia mandshurica, Crateaegus oxyacantha, Viburnum sargenti, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Rhaponticum carthanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Inonotus obliquus, Rhodiola rosea, Stevia.
11	WTS Adrenal Balance Px (oral liquid)	It contains a high concentration of Eleuthero root (28:1), Hawthorn berry (4:1), Rose hips (2:1), Sarsaparilla root (2:1) and Alfalfa leaf and stem (2.5:1).
12	Metagenics Adreset (capsules)	It contains Cordyceps mycelium extract 400 mg, Panax ginseng root 200mg, and Rhodeola rosea, standardized to 1% rosavins.
13	Metagenics Serenagen (tablet)	It contains 1000 mg of a 4:1 extract of the following adaptogens: Rehmannia root, Schisandra fruit, Jujube fruit, Dong Quai root, Chinese Asparagus root, Ophiopogon root, Panax ginseng root, Chinese Salvia root, Poria Fungus root, and Platycodon root.
14	Metagenics Exhilarin (caplet)	It contains 615mg of the following: Holy Basil leaf 10:1 extract, Ashwaganda root extract 5:1 extract, Amla Fruit 4:1 extract, and Bacopa leaf 4:1 extract.
15	Jarrow Brand Rhodiola Rosea	It contains 500 mg of a 30:1 extract of Rhodiola rosea, containing 5% rosavins.

CONCLUSION:

Adaptogens are also likely to have a direct impact on many facets of physical health and psychological health. Most adaptogens are herbals and they potentiate their effects through different mechanisms. Drugs from natural origin are not only useful in aging but also in treatment of bipolar diseases, digestive disorders and help to boost immune system. The results and findings described above indicate strongly that adaptogens have both specific therapeutic effects in some stress related diseases and are useful in potentially disease-inducing circumstances. Scientific studies indicate that the flavanoids are target components which might be responsible for the adaptogenic activity through antioxidant effect. Functional food, nutraceuticals with dietary supplements having adaptogenic crude drugs will be the effective remedy for improving quality of life.

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Received on 19.03.2021 Modified on 27.04.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2021; 13(3):93-98.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00022

Adaptogen Energizer (capsule)

Imperial Adaptogen (capsules) by Paradise Herbs